socionics, small groups, psychological compatibility, behavior correction, space crew, aviation, dispatcher, operator.

UDC 151.21+151.41+159.9:629.7+159.923+316.35+316.752

The International Institute of Socionics (IIS) is currently working on applying methods for predicting psychological, business, and information compatibility in spaceflight and aerospace technologies.
Based on the theory of the information structure of the psyche—socionics—the IIS has developed and successfully applied methods for determining the psychological, business, and information compatibility of people in closed teams and small groups since 1992 [4, 7, 8]. This enables mutual understanding and coordination of people’s actions while minimizing potential conflicts and errors during joint activities, especially in extreme conditions. Our methods, in particular, can be applied in the following areas:

Selecting crews for spacecraft and the International Space Station taking into account not only personal but also interethnic interactions

According to NASA specialists, the problem of astronaut interpersonal compatibility is a serious unsolved problem. Existing crew selection methods are largely empirical and based primarily on the crew members’ experience working together. However, the natural personal qualities of astronauts, which contribute to or hinder teamwork, are generally given very little consideration. More importance is placed on the conscientiousness of team members, their willingness to dedicate themselves to the task at hand and, for that purpose, to sacrifice some of their own emotional well-being. There are known cases of hostility and tension in orbit, where cosmonauts were kept from serious conflicts only by a sense of duty and responsibility.
During long-term flights, simply being in a confined space under the effects of zero gravity already leads to stress on the human body. The strain on the psyche, including the unconscious, also increases. Under these conditions, constructive psycho-informational contact between members of the space crew, their natural, innate understanding, and adequate communication with mission control personnel are crucial. Negative intertype relationships can suppress the activity of one hemisphere [25], while favorable interactions allow a person to fully realize their potential [3, 4, 9].
In the situation of international crews on the International Space Station (ISS), it is also necessary to consider aspects of interethnic interaction: the interaction of ethnic behavioral stereotypes and the assessments of partners of different cultures and ways of thinking. The methods of personality socionics and ethnosocionics developed at IIS allow for a comprehensive solution to these problems when selecting cosmonauts for effective, well-coordinated crews, as well as to predict and prevent the development of unfavorable situations.
Thus, with the use of socionic technologies, the psycho-informational compatibility of cosmonauts can be successfully achieved in all areas of their communication.

Selection of Flight Crews in Aviation

The cohesion of flight crews is determined not only by their experience working together, but also by the degree of psycho-informational compatibility and the ability to adequately respond to specific commands, phrases, and actions of their partner. It is well known in socionics that different types of information metabolism impart different, sometimes directly opposing, meanings to the same words, intonations, or gestures [0]. A consistent understanding of this meaning, especially in extreme conditions when stereotypes acquired during service may be violated, can be achieved by staffing flight crews based on the principle of socionic (psychoinformational) compatibility. Furthermore, analyzing real flight crews using socionic methods allows us to identify the degree of stability in pilots’ behavior depending on their psychoinformational personality type [17].

Selection of Personnel for Air Traffic Control Services

Air traffic control personnel must possess specific qualities, not only psychophysiological, which can be determined by existing methods, but also certain psychoinformational ones, which fall within the realm of socionics. For example, an intuitive personality type is often characterized by frequent attention switching. As a dispatcher, they will demonstrate stable results only periodically, which is fraught with negative consequences. The degree of irrationality - rationality, extroversion - introversion in a particular person plays an important role [10].

Formation of efficient teams with high efficiency in high-tech industries, including the aerospace industry

In order to improve methods of working with personnel and the effective use of human resources potential, employees of the International Institute of Socionics from 1991 to 2001, consulting and HR audit methodologies were developed and implemented at over 70 enterprises, including Gazprom, firms, banks, trade and municipal structures, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. With minor personnel changes, significant changes were achieved in the information structure and style of work of the teams, as well as increased efficiency. Teams are formed and candidates for vacant positions, especially key ones, are selected, ensuring full psychological, informational, and business compatibility. Socionics methods make it possible to organize or reorganize work teams, ensuring their optimal composition, high degree of coordination, and manageability. This is especially important in high-tech industries, where the human factor and product quality are crucial [3, 4, 6, 7, 8].

Determining the integral psycho-informational structure of a team (taking into account ethnic behavioral stereotypes) and the potential for effective reorganization in the face of changing challenges

The methods developed by IIS allow us to determine the integral psycho-informational type of a team (organization), as well as the psycho-informational structure of the team’s tasks, analyze the degree of their correspondence (resonance), and identify hidden potential. At the same time, predictive modeling of possible personnel changes is performed in real time, enabling managers to make optimal decisions regarding the placement, selection, and use of personnel. This enables rapid adjustment of the team’s scope of activity in the face of changing tasks.

New Approaches to Solving the "Operator-Machine" Problem

Solving this problem using socionic methods significantly facilitates the operator’s work with large control systems, making them more human-friendly and more responsive to control actions [2, 11].

New Methods for Solving the Problem of Small Groups

This problem, one of the central tasks in socionics, has been successfully solved in many cases. The characteristics of the main small groups, such as quadras, audit rings, social order rings, Reinin groups, "cone" groups, and Bukalov-Karpenko groups (more than 100 types of small groups in total), are described and analyzed. The functional orientation of these groups is demonstrated depending on the combination of psychoinformational personality types that comprise them. The characteristics of their functioning and a number of psycho-emotional and psychophysiological effects manifested in these small groups are described [3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 20, 21], which is extremely important for the work of teams in extreme conditions, including in space.

New principles in organizing brainstorming sessions used for the rapid resolution of complex problems

Socionics methods have revealed combinations of psycho-informational personality types in small groups that enable the rapid and effective resolution of complex problems—from the moment they are posed to the development of fundamental and even design solutions. The effectiveness of such groups is due to the fact that the group forms a holistic psycho-informational thought system, a kind of "hyperbrain," significantly more effective than the thinking of the individual individuals who comprise it. Moreover, the problem is analyzed from various angles, across various aspects of the information flow, ensuring a comprehensive approach. Moreover, such groups reproduce the processes of information circulation and processing in society in an accelerated, concentrated, and targeted manner. Therefore, such methods are significantly more effective than conventional, "random" brainstorming [4, 11].

New Methods of Psychological Correction of Human Behavior

Psychoinformational methods developed in socionics are effectively used in psychotherapy, drug addiction treatment, psychiatry, etc. Using the functions of information metabolism as information input-output and information processing channels, and "clearing" them, allows for the removal of various phobias, behavioral deviations, etc. [13–18, 22, 24].
The reliability of these developments has been proven by 10 years of expert and consulting work by research staff at the International Institute of Socionics with teams from several dozen enterprises and organizations in Ukraine and Russia, which is confirmed by the relevant implementation documents [7, 8, 10].

The methods of socionics were registered in 1995 as a scientific discovery in the field of psychology under the title "The Phenomenon of Self-Organization of Dynamic Structures of Interpersonal Interaction in Human Society" with the presentation of the P.L. Kapitsa Medal of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences to the founder of socionics, scientific consultant of the International Institute of Socionics, Ausra Augustinavichiute.

International Institute of Socionics (IIS) is a leading organization for research in the theory of information structures of the psyche (socionics) and the creation and practical application of methods based on it. IIS is the organizing and coordinating center for this field of knowledge.

IIS annually hosts international conferences on socionics, interpersonal relationships, and psychological compatibility. The 18th conference was held in September 2002.
Since 1995, IIS has published the international scientific journal "Socionics, Mentology, and Personality Psychology," and since 2003, two more scientific and practical journals on this topic have been published: "Management and Personnel: Management Psychology, Socionics, and Sociology" and "Psychology and Socionics of Interpersonal Relations."
On topics related to the informational structure of the psyche and aspects of human mental and psychophysiological compatibility, more than 1,500 scientific reports have been presented at conferences and seminars, more than 450 scientific articles have been published, more than 70 scientific and practical reports have been compiled on consulting and expert work with real teams, more than 30 books and monographs have been published, and a number of candidate and doctoral dissertations have been defended.

In addition, IIS conducts and supports interdisciplinary physical, medical, and biological research. Since 2001, it has published the international scientific journal "Physics of Consciousness and Life, Cosmology and Astrophysics."
Currently, the International Institute of Socionics plans to develop, in addition to existing expert and testing methods, instrumental express methods for determining human compatibility.
IIS is establishing cooperation with space agencies in several countries to apply the latest technologies in this field.
Our methods are unique and are 20-25 years ahead of similar developments. This is confirmed by inquiries sent to the IIS by a number of psychologists from the USA, Great Britain, Germany, and other countries.

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